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MicroRNA (miRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA (RNA that does not encode a protein) with a length of about 22 base. It binds to a complementary sequence in the 3'UTR of mRNA (coding RNA), and thereby regulates the gene expression. It is said that 30-50% of all genes are regulated in this manner. One type, insertion/deletion RNA editing, involves the insertion or deletion of nucleotides and actually changes the length of the target RNA. The second type, RNA editing by base modification, changes an encoded nucleotide into a different nucleotide, without changing the overall length of the RNA.
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. It occurs in all living organisms and is one of the most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs. RNA Editing: Post-transcriptional Base Insertion, Deletion or Modification | Molecular Biology | JoVE.
RNA-editing describes the alteration of an RNA sequence by introducing or removing nucleotides from an RNA or by changing the character of a nucleobase by deamination. For therapeutic purposes, the two types of deamination reactions, converting cytidine to uridine and adenosine to inosine are considered most useful.